Hello Linda,
I wish that it was as simple as U&C/R&C.
However, due to the fact that this is a public forum, I cannot disclose what I have uncovered or I open myself up for a lawsuit. BTW, I have had two frivolous lawsuits filed against me because of the line of business that I'm in, therefore, I am careful in what I disclose.
Having said that, even what is considered U&C/R&C by a payer can be questioned. Also, there is the question of what percentage of U&C/R&C a policy agrees to pay on out-of-network claims, which, may not always be the same percentage of what payers actually pay.
I have also uncovered another underpayment tactic used when a payer pays at U&C/R&C. I have uncovered many underpayment tactics used by payers which is not always easily identifiable.